Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Reducing Primary Dysmenorrhea among Adolescent Girls: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most prevalent gynecological complaints among adolescent girls and often interferes with daily activities, academic performance, and quality of life. Although pharmacological therapy is commonly used, non-pharmacological interventions are increasingly recommended due to their safety, affordability, and minimal side effects. This study aimed to review and synthesize recent scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions in reducing primary dysmenorrhea among adolescents. A narrative literature review was conducted using electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Articles published between 2022 and 2025 were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Keywords included non-pharmacological therapy, dysmenorrhea, adolescents, and menstrual pain. A total of 17 relevant studies were analyzed. The review demonstrated that non-pharmacological interventions such as warm and cold compresses, dysmenorrhea exercise, yoga, abdominal stretching, breathing relaxation techniques, herbal drinks (e.g., turmeric-based beverages), massage therapy, and acupoint stimulation were effective in reducing pain intensity and improving functional outcomes among adolescents. Non-pharmacological interventions are effective and safe strategies for managing primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Health education and school-based reproductive health programs should incorporate these interventions to reduce menstrual pain and its negative impact on adolescents’ daily activities.